Matthew 12 · WEB
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Matthew 12

Lord of the Sabbath

At that time, Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and to eat. But the Pharisees, when they saw it, said to him, “Behold, your disciples do what is not lawful to do on the Sabbath.”

But he said to them, “Haven’t you read what David did when he was hungry, and those who were with him: how he entered into God’s house and ate the show bread, which was not lawful for him to eat, nor for those who were with him, but only for the priests? Or have you not read in the law that on the Sabbath day the priests in the temple profane the Sabbath and are guiltless? But I tell you that one greater than the temple is here. But if you had known what this means, ‘I desire mercy, and not sacrifice,’ you wouldn’t have condemned the guiltless. For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath.”

When Jesus' hungry disciples pick and eat grain on the Sabbath, Pharisees object that this is unlawful. Jesus cites David eating the sacred bread when he was hungry and priests working in the temple on the Sabbath, says that something greater than the temple is here, and calls the Son of Man lord of the Sabbath.

What does this mean?

The Sabbath, the seventh day (from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset), was a day of rest commanded in the Ten Commandments. 'Corn' (KJV) means grain, probably wheat or barley. The 'shewbread' (KJV) was the bread of the Presence, twelve loaves set in the sanctuary and eaten only by priests.

Historical context

Picking grain by hand from a neighbour's field was allowed (Deuteronomy 23:25); the question was whether plucking counted as reaping, one of the kinds of work forbidden on the Sabbath. David's story is in 1 Samuel 21:1–6.

Why does it matter?

Sabbath observance was a mark of Jewish identity, and its limits were debated among Jewish teachers. This scene and the next lead to the first plot against Jesus' life (12:14).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Healing on the Sabbath

He departed from there and went into their synagogue. And behold, there was a man with a withered hand. They asked him, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath day?” so that they might accuse him.

He said to them, “What man is there among you who has one sheep, and if this one falls into a pit on the Sabbath day, won’t he grab on to it and lift it out? Of how much more value then is a man than a sheep! Therefore it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath day.” Then he told the man, “Stretch out your hand.” He stretched it out; and it was restored whole, just like the other. But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how they might destroy him.

In a synagogue, Jesus is asked whether it is lawful to heal on the Sabbath, a question meant to trap him. He points out that anyone would pull a sheep out of a pit on the Sabbath, and a person is worth far more. He heals the man's withered hand, and the Pharisees go out and plot how to destroy him.

What does this mean?

'Withered' means shrunken or paralysed.

Historical context

Jewish teachers generally agreed that saving a life overrode the Sabbath; the debate concerned less urgent cases. Some groups were stricter: the Damascus Document, known from the Dead Sea Scrolls, forbids lifting an animal out of a pit on the Sabbath.

Why does it matter?

'It is lawful to do good on the Sabbath' puts into practice the mercy Jesus has just spoken of (12:7). The decision to destroy him marks a turning point in his conflict with the Pharisees.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

God's chosen servant

Jesus, perceiving that, withdrew from there. Great multitudes followed him; and he healed them all, and commanded them that they should not make him known, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying, “Behold, my servant whom I have chosen, my beloved in whom my soul is well pleased. I will put my Spirit on him. He will proclaim justice to the nations. He will not strive, nor shout, neither will anyone hear his voice in the streets. He won’t break a bruised reed. He won’t quench a smoking flax, until he leads justice to victory. In his name, the nations will hope.”

Aware of the plot, Jesus withdraws. Large crowds follow and he heals them all, ordering them not to make him known. Matthew sees this as fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy of God's chosen servant.

  • Scripture connection · Quotation · presented as fulfilled

    Matthew 12:17–21 quotes Isaiah 42:1–4

    “Behold, my servant, whom I uphold, my chosen, in whom my soul delights: I have put my Spirit on him. He will bring justice to the nations. He will not shout, nor raise his voice, nor cause it to be heard in the street. He won’t break a bruised reed. He won’t quench a dimly burning wick. He will faithfully bring justice. He will not fail nor be discouraged, until he has set justice on the earth, and the islands wait for his law.”
    Isaiah 42:1–4 · WEB

    The longest Old Testament quotation in Matthew: Isaiah's gentle servant who brings justice to the nations.

What does this mean?

'Smoking flax' (KJV) is a smouldering lamp wick about to go out. 'Judgment' (KJV) and 'justice' (WEB) translate the same word, as do 'Gentiles' (KJV) and 'nations' (WEB).

Why does it matter?

The quotation interprets Jesus' withdrawal and secrecy: he does not seek confrontation or publicity, and he cares for the 'bruised reed', the weak and fragile. 'My beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased' echoes the voice at the baptism (3:17).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Is Jesus working with Satan?

Then one possessed by a demon, blind and mute, was brought to him; and he healed him, so that the blind and mute man both spoke and saw. All the multitudes were amazed, and said, “Can this be the son of David?” But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, “This man does not cast out demons except by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons.”

Knowing their thoughts, Jesus said to them, “Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand. If Satan casts out Satan, he is divided against himself. How then will his kingdom stand? If I by Beelzebul cast out demons, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore they will be your judges. But if I by the Spirit of God cast out demons, then God’s Kingdom has come upon you. Or how can one enter into the house of the strong man and plunder his goods, unless he first bind the strong man? Then he will plunder his house.

“He who is not with me is against me, and he who doesn’t gather with me, scatters. Therefore I tell you, every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven men. Whoever speaks a word against the Son of Man, it will be forgiven him; but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven him, either in this age, or in that which is to come.

“Either make the tree good and its fruit good, or make the tree corrupt and its fruit corrupt; for the tree is known by its fruit. You offspring of vipers, how can you, being evil, speak good things? For out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks. The good man out of his good treasure brings out good things, and the evil man out of his evil treasure brings out evil things. I tell you that every idle word that men speak, they will give account of it in the day of judgment. For by your words you will be justified, and by your words you will be condemned.”

Jesus heals a blind and mute man possessed by a demon. When the crowds wonder whether he is the son of David, the Pharisees claim he drives out demons by Beelzebul. Jesus replies that a kingdom divided against itself cannot stand, that his exorcisms show God's kingdom has arrived, and warns about blasphemy against the Spirit and about careless words.

What does this mean?

The 'strong man' is Satan, whose 'house' is plundered as people are set free. 'Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit' is not defined; many interpreters take it to mean persistently calling God's work evil, as the critics have just done. 'Idle word' means careless or useless speech.

Historical context

Other Jewish exorcists were active ('your children' or 'your sons'), so Jesus turns the accusation back on his critics. 'Beelzebul' may derive from Baal-zebub, a Philistine god (2 Kings 1:2).

Why does it matter?

The image of a tree known by its fruit repeats earlier warnings (3:10; 7:16–20). The 'unforgivable sin' has caused many readers anxiety; Christian teachers have often pointed out that the warning concerns hardened opposition like that of the critics here.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

The sign of Jonah

Then certain of the scribes and Pharisees answered, “Teacher, we want to see a sign from you.”

But he answered them, “An evil and adulterous generation seeks after a sign, but no sign will be given to it but the sign of Jonah the prophet. For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the huge fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation and will condemn it, for they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and behold, someone greater than Jonah is here. The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with this generation and will condemn it, for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, someone greater than Solomon is here.

“When an unclean spirit has gone out of a man, he passes through waterless places seeking rest, and doesn’t find it. Then he says, ‘I will return into my house from which I came;’ and when he has come back, he finds it empty, swept, and put in order. Then he goes and takes with himself seven other spirits more evil than he is, and they enter in and dwell there. The last state of that man becomes worse than the first. Even so will it be also to this evil generation.”

Scribes and Pharisees ask Jesus for a sign. He refuses, except for the sign of Jonah, and says that the people of Nineveh, who repented at Jonah's preaching, and the Queen of the South, who travelled to hear Solomon, will condemn this generation, since someone greater is here. He adds a warning story about an evil spirit returning with seven others.

  • Scripture connection · Reference

    Matthew 12:40 refers to Jonah 1:17

    The LORD prepared a huge fish to swallow up Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.
    Jonah 1:17 · WEB

    Jesus points to Jonah's three days inside the great fish as a sign of his own coming death and resurrection.

What does this mean?

'Adulterous' is a prophetic image for unfaithfulness to God. The 'Queen of the South' is the Queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10), from southern Arabia or East Africa. 'Three days and three nights' need not mean seventy-two hours; Jewish reckoning could count part of a day as a whole day.

Historical context

Nineveh was the capital of Assyria, Israel's ancient enemy; in the book of Jonah its people repent at the prophet's warning.

Why does it matter?

The returning spirit pictures a generation swept clean but filled with nothing better. 'Greater than Jonah' and 'greater than Solomon' continue 12:6 ('greater than the temple'): Jesus is presented as greater than temple, prophet and king.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus' true family

While he was yet speaking to the multitudes, behold, his mother and his brothers stood outside, seeking to speak to him. One said to him, “Behold, your mother and your brothers stand outside, seeking to speak to you.”

But he answered him who spoke to him, “Who is my mother? Who are my brothers?” He stretched out his hand toward his disciples, and said, “Behold, my mother and my brothers! For whoever does the will of my Father who is in heaven, he is my brother, and sister, and mother.”

While Jesus is teaching, his mother and brothers stand outside wanting to speak with him. Pointing to his disciples, he says that whoever does his Father's will is his brother, sister and mother.

What does this mean?

Christian traditions understand Jesus' 'brothers' differently: as later children of Mary and Joseph (common among Protestants), as Joseph's children from an earlier marriage (Orthodox tradition), or as cousins (Catholic tradition, following Jerome).

Historical context

In the ancient Mediterranean world family was the primary source of identity and loyalty; publicly redefining one's family around a teacher would have been startling.

Why does it matter?

The scene closes a chapter of rising opposition by defining who belongs to Jesus. Matthew does not say why the family came; Mark says they thought he was out of his mind (Mark 3:21).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

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Reading

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

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