Matthew 12
Lord of the Sabbath
At that time, Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and to eat. But the Pharisees, when they saw it, said to him, “Behold, your disciples do what is not lawful to do on the Sabbath.”
But he said to them, “Haven’t you read what David did when he was hungry, and those who were with him: how he entered into God’s house and ate the show bread, which was not lawful for him to eat, nor for those who were with him, but only for the priests? Or have you not read in the law that on the Sabbath day the priests in the temple profane the Sabbath and are guiltless? But I tell you that one greater than the temple is here. But if you had known what this means, ‘I desire mercy, and not sacrifice,’ you wouldn’t have condemned the guiltless. For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath.”
When Jesus' hungry disciples pick and eat grain on the Sabbath, Pharisees object that this is unlawful. Jesus cites David eating the sacred bread when he was hungry and priests working in the temple on the Sabbath, says that something greater than the temple is here, and calls the Son of Man lord of the Sabbath.
What does this mean?
The Sabbath, the seventh day (from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset), was a day of rest commanded in the Ten Commandments. 'Corn' (KJV) means grain, probably wheat or barley. The 'shewbread' (KJV) was the bread of the Presence, twelve loaves set in the sanctuary and eaten only by priests.
Historical context
Picking grain by hand from a neighbour's field was allowed (Deuteronomy 23:25); the question was whether plucking counted as reaping, one of the kinds of work forbidden on the Sabbath. David's story is in 1 Samuel 21:1–6.
Why does it matter?
Sabbath observance was a mark of Jewish identity, and its limits were debated among Jewish teachers. This scene and the next lead to the first plot against Jesus' life (12:14).
Editorial notes, not scripture.