Luke 23 · WEB
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Luke 23

Jesus before Pilate and Herod

The whole company of them rose up and brought him before Pilate. They began to accuse him, saying, “We found this man perverting the nation, forbidding paying taxes to Caesar, and saying that he himself is Christ, a king.”

Pilate asked him, “Are you the King of the Jews?” He answered him, “So you say.”

Pilate said to the chief priests and the multitudes, “I find no basis for a charge against this man.”

But they insisted, saying, “He stirs up the people, teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee even to this place.”

But when Pilate heard Galilee mentioned, he asked if the man was a Galilean. When he found out that he was in Herod’s jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who was also in Jerusalem during those days.

Now when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceedingly glad, for he had wanted to see him for a long time, because he had heard many things about him. He hoped to see some miracle done by him. He questioned him with many words, but he gave no answers. The chief priests and the scribes stood, vehemently accusing him. Herod with his soldiers humiliated him and mocked him. Dressing him in luxurious clothing, they sent him back to Pilate. Herod and Pilate became friends with each other that very day, for before that they were enemies with each other.

The council brings Jesus to Pilate, accusing him of misleading the nation, forbidding taxes to Caesar and claiming to be the Messiah, a king. Pilate finds no basis for a charge, and on learning that Jesus is a Galilean sends him to Herod Antipas, who is in Jerusalem. Herod, hoping to see a miracle, questions him at length but gets no answer; he and his soldiers mock Jesus, dress him in splendid clothing and send him back. Herod and Pilate become friends that day.

What does this mean?

"Perverting the nation" (KJV) means leading the people astray and stirring unrest. The "gorgeous robe" (KJV) was splendid clothing, mocking royal dress.

Historical context

Pontius Pilate was the Roman prefect of Judea from 26 to 36 CE, a title confirmed by an inscription found at Caesarea. Governors normally lived in Caesarea on the coast and came to Jerusalem with troops at festivals. The earlier enmity between Pilate and Herod is mentioned only here.

Why does it matter?

The hearing before Herod appears only in Luke. Pilate's first declaration of innocence begins a pattern of three (23:4, 14, 22). The tax charge contradicts Jesus' actual answer (20:25).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus is sentenced to death

Pilate called together the chief priests, the rulers, and the people, and said to them, “You brought this man to me as one that perverts the people, and behold, having examined him before you, I found no basis for a charge against this man concerning those things of which you accuse him. Neither has Herod, for I sent you to him, and see, nothing worthy of death has been done by him. I will therefore chastise him and release him.”

Now he had to release one prisoner to them at the feast. But they all cried out together, saying, “Away with this man! Release to us Barabbas!”— one who was thrown into prison for a certain revolt in the city, and for murder.

Then Pilate spoke to them again, wanting to release Jesus, but they shouted, saying, “Crucify! Crucify him!”

He said to them the third time, “Why? What evil has this man done? I have found no capital crime in him. I will therefore chastise him and release him.” But they were urgent with loud voices, asking that he might be crucified. Their voices and the voices of the chief priests prevailed. Pilate decreed that what they asked for should be done. He released him who had been thrown into prison for insurrection and murder, for whom they asked, but he delivered Jesus up to their will.

Pilate tells the leaders and people that neither he nor Herod has found Jesus guilty of anything deserving death, so he will have him flogged and release him. The crowd shouts for Barabbas, a man imprisoned for rebellion and murder, to be released instead, and demands that Jesus be crucified. Pilate protests a third time but gives in, releases Barabbas and hands Jesus over to their will.

What does this mean?

"Chastise" (KJV) means punish, probably by flogging as a warning. "Sedition" (KJV) means rebellion or insurrection.

Historical context

Verse 17, which says Pilate had to release a prisoner at the feast, is missing from many early manuscripts. A Passover release is mentioned in all four Gospels but in no other ancient source, and historians debate it. Other sources portray Pilate as harsh and stubborn, so some scholars see Luke's reluctant governor as shaped by his emphasis on Jesus' innocence.

Why does it matter?

The irony is pointed: a real rebel and murderer goes free, while Jesus, accused of rebellion, is condemned. Luke's emphasis on Jesus as an innocent man unjustly condemned continues through the crucifixion (23:41, 47).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

The crucifixion

When they led him away, they grabbed one Simon of Cyrene, coming from the country, and laid the cross on him to carry it after Jesus. A great multitude of the people followed him, including women who also mourned and lamented him. But Jesus, turning to them, said, “Daughters of Jerusalem, don’t weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming in which they will say, ‘Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never bore, and the breasts that never nursed.’ Then they will begin to tell the mountains, ‘Fall on us!’ and tell the hills, ‘Cover us.’ For if they do these things in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?”

There were also others, two criminals, led with him to be put to death. When they came to the place that is called “The Skull”, they crucified him there with the criminals, one on the right and the other on the left.

Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they don’t know what they are doing.” Dividing his garments among them, they cast lots.

The people stood watching. The rulers with them also scoffed at him, saying, “He saved others. Let him save himself, if this is the Christ of God, his chosen one!”

The soldiers also mocked him, coming to him and offering him vinegar, and saying, “If you are the King of the Jews, save yourself!”

An inscription was also written over him in letters of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew: “THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS.”

One of the criminals who was hanged insulted him, saying, “If you are the Christ, save yourself and us!”

But the other answered, and rebuking him said, “Don’t you even fear God, seeing you are under the same condemnation? And we indeed justly, for we receive the due reward for our deeds, but this man has done nothing wrong.” He said to Jesus, “Lord, remember me when you come into your Kingdom.”

Jesus said to him, “Assuredly I tell you, today you will be with me in Paradise.”

Soldiers seize Simon of Cyrene and make him carry the cross behind Jesus. Women mourn for Jesus, and he tells them to weep instead for themselves and their children because of coming disaster. At the place called the Skull, Jesus is crucified between two criminals and prays for his executioners' forgiveness. The leaders, the soldiers and one criminal mock him; the other criminal rebukes him, asks Jesus to remember him in his kingdom, and is promised paradise that day.

What does this mean?

"Calvary" (KJV) comes from the Latin for skull; the Aramaic name is Golgotha. "Paradise" is a Persian loanword for a walled garden, used in Jewish writings for the dwelling place of the righteous. "If they do these things in a green tree" (KJV) is a proverb: if this happens to the innocent, how much worse for the guilty.

Historical context

Crucifixion was a Roman punishment for slaves and rebels, designed to be public, slow and humiliating. Cyrene was a city in North Africa with a large Jewish community. Jesus' prayer "Father, forgive them" is missing from some early manuscripts, though widely accepted as an authentic tradition.

Why does it matter?

Jesus' last actions in Luke are forgiveness and mercy, even on the cross.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in all four Gospels

How Luke tells it

Only Luke has the lamenting "daughters of Jerusalem," Jesus' prayer for his executioners' forgiveness, and the exchange with the repentant criminal; in Mark and Matthew both criminals mock him. Luke has no drugged wine before the crucifixion. In John, Jesus carries his own cross and entrusts his mother to the beloved disciple.

The death of Jesus

It was now about the sixth hour, and darkness came over the whole land until the ninth hour. The sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was torn in two. Jesus, crying with a loud voice, said, “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit!” Having said this, he breathed his last.

When the centurion saw what was done, he glorified God, saying, “Certainly this was a righteous man.” All the multitudes that came together to see this, when they saw the things that were done, returned home beating their chests. All his acquaintances and the women who followed with him from Galilee stood at a distance, watching these things.

From about noon until three in the afternoon darkness covers the land, the sun's light fails, and the curtain of the temple is torn in two. Jesus cries out, "Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit," and dies. The centurion praises God and calls him a righteous man; the crowds go home beating their breasts, while his acquaintances and the women from Galilee watch from a distance.

  • Scripture connection · Quotation

    Luke 23:46 quotes Psalm 31:5

    Into your hand I commend my spirit. You redeem me, LORD, God of truth.
    Psalm 31:5 · WEB

    Jesus' last words in Luke are a psalm of trust, later used in Jewish evening prayer.

What does this mean?

The "sixth hour" and "ninth hour" are counted from about sunrise, so roughly noon to 3 p.m. "Righteous" can also mean innocent. The "veil" (KJV) was a curtain in the temple, probably the one screening the Most Holy Place.

Historical context

A solar eclipse is impossible at Passover, which fell at full moon; Luke does not explain the darkness. Beating the breast was a gesture of grief or remorse.

Why does it matter?

Jesus dies praying to his Father in the words of a psalm of trust (see Scripture connections), in keeping with Luke's portrait of him as a man of prayer.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in all four Gospels

How Luke tells it

In Luke the temple curtain tears before Jesus dies, not after, and his last words are "Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit," not the cry of abandonment (Mark, Matthew) or "It is finished" (John). The centurion calls him "righteous," not "Son of God." Only Luke mentions the crowds beating their breasts.

The burial of Jesus

Behold, there was a man named Joseph, who was a member of the council, a good and righteous man (he had not consented to their counsel and deed), from Arimathaea, a city of the Jews, who was also waiting for God’s Kingdom. This man went to Pilate, and asked for Jesus’ body. He took it down and wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid him in a tomb that was cut in stone, where no one had ever been laid. It was the day of the Preparation, and the Sabbath was drawing near. The women who had come with him out of Galilee followed after, and saw the tomb and how his body was laid. They returned and prepared spices and ointments. On the Sabbath they rested according to the commandment.

Joseph of Arimathea, a council member who had not agreed with its decision and who was waiting for God's kingdom, asks Pilate for Jesus' body. He wraps it in linen and lays it in a rock-cut tomb where no one had yet been buried. It is the day of Preparation and the Sabbath is about to begin; the women from Galilee see the tomb, go home and prepare spices and ointments, then rest on the Sabbath as the commandment requires.

What does this mean?

"The preparation" (KJV) is Friday, the day for getting ready for the Sabbath, which began at sunset. "Sepulchre" (KJV) means tomb.

Historical context

Jewish law required burial on the day of death, even for executed criminals (Deuteronomy 21:22–23), whereas Romans often left crucified bodies exposed. Rock-cut tombs closed with a stone are well known from around Jerusalem. The location of Arimathea is uncertain.

Why does it matter?

The women's careful observation establishes that they knew where Jesus was laid, preparing for their discovery of the empty tomb.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in all four Gospels

How Luke tells it

Luke stresses that Joseph was "a good man, and a just" who had not consented to the council's decision; he does not call him rich (Matthew) or a disciple (Matthew, John). Only Luke says the women prepared spices before the Sabbath and rested. Luke has no guard at the tomb (Matthew) and no Nicodemus (John).

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

Chapters

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  7. 7
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  10. 10
  11. 11
  12. 12
  13. 13
  14. 14
  15. 15
  16. 16
  17. 17
  18. 18
  19. 19
  20. 20
  21. 21
  22. 22
  23. 23
  24. 24

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Reading

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

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