Luke 11 · WEB
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Luke 11

The Lord's Prayer

When he finished praying in a certain place, one of his disciples said to him, “Lord, teach us to pray, just as John also taught his disciples.”

He said to them, “When you pray, say, ‘Our Father in heaven, may your name be kept holy. May your Kingdom come. May your will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us day by day our daily bread. Forgive us our sins, for we ourselves also forgive everyone who is indebted to us. Bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one.’”

After Jesus has been praying, one of his disciples asks him to teach them to pray, as John taught his disciples. Jesus gives them a short prayer: addressing God as Father, asking that his name be honoured and his kingdom come, and asking for daily bread, forgiveness and protection in the time of testing.

What does this mean?

"Hallowed be thy name" (KJV) means "may your name be treated as holy." "Temptation" can also mean testing or trial. The prayer pairs "sins" with those "indebted to us," reflecting an Aramaic idiom in which sin is a debt.

Historical context

Jewish teachers and movements had characteristic prayers; the request suggests the disciples wanted one that marked them as Jesus' followers. Addressing God simply as "Father" probably reflects the Aramaic "Abba."

Why does it matter?

Prayer is a prominent theme in Luke, and the teaching that follows (11:5–13) continues it.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in two Gospels

How Luke tells it

Luke sets the prayer after a disciple's request, not in the Sermon on the Mount. It is shorter than Matthew's: in the oldest manuscripts it begins simply "Father" and lacks "thy will be done" and "deliver us from evil," which the KJV and WEB include. Luke asks for bread "day by day" and forgiveness of "sins."

Ask, seek, knock

He said to them, “Which of you, if you go to a friend at midnight and tell him, ‘Friend, lend me three loaves of bread, for a friend of mine has come to me from a journey, and I have nothing to set before him,’ and he from within will answer and say, ‘Don’t bother me. The door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed. I can’t get up and give it to you’? I tell you, although he will not rise and give it to him because he is his friend, yet because of his persistence, he will get up and give him as many as he needs.

“I tell you, keep asking, and it will be given you. Keep seeking, and you will find. Keep knocking, and it will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives. He who seeks finds. To him who knocks it will be opened.

“Which of you fathers, if your son asks for bread, will give him a stone? Or if he asks for a fish, he won’t give him a snake instead of a fish, will he? Or if he asks for an egg, he won’t give him a scorpion, will he? If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him?”

Jesus tells of a man who wakes a friend at midnight to borrow bread for an unexpected guest; the friend gets up, not out of friendship, but because of the man's persistence. He urges his hearers to keep asking, seeking and knocking, and argues that if human fathers give good things to their children, the heavenly Father will much more give the Holy Spirit to those who ask.

What does this mean?

"Importunity" (KJV) or "persistence" translates a Greek word meaning shamelessness; scholars debate whether it refers to the asker's boldness or to the sleeper's wish to avoid the shame of being a bad neighbour.

Historical context

Hospitality to a guest was a matter of honour for the whole village, and failing to feed one brought shame. Bread was baked daily, and a family often slept together in one room, so getting up would wake everyone.

Why does it matter?

The argument runs from lesser to greater, a common Jewish teaching method: if even a reluctant friend responds, how much more will God. Where Matthew has "good things" (Matthew 7:11), Luke has "the Holy Spirit," the gift at the centre of Acts.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus is accused of working with Beelzebul

He was casting out a demon, and it was mute. When the demon had gone out, the mute man spoke; and the multitudes marveled. But some of them said, “He casts out demons by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons.” Others, testing him, sought from him a sign from heaven. But he, knowing their thoughts, said to them, “Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation. A house divided against itself falls. If Satan also is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand? For you say that I cast out demons by Beelzebul. But if I cast out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore they will be your judges. But if I by God’s finger cast out demons, then God’s Kingdom has come to you.

“When the strong man, fully armed, guards his own dwelling, his goods are safe. But when someone stronger attacks him and overcomes him, he takes from him his whole armor in which he trusted, and divides his plunder.

“He who is not with me is against me. He who doesn’t gather with me scatters.

The unclean spirit, when he has gone out of the man, passes through dry places, seeking rest; and finding none, he says, ‘I will turn back to my house from which I came out.’ When he returns, he finds it swept and put in order. Then he goes and takes seven other spirits more evil than himself, and they enter in and dwell there. The last state of that man becomes worse than the first.”

It came to pass, as he said these things, a certain woman out of the multitude lifted up her voice and said to him, “Blessed is the womb that bore you, and the breasts which nursed you!”

But he said, “On the contrary, blessed are those who hear the word of God, and keep it.”

After Jesus drives out a demon that had left a man mute, some say he does it by the power of Beelzebul, the prince of demons, and others demand a sign. Jesus replies that a kingdom divided against itself cannot stand, and that if he drives out demons by the finger of God, then God's kingdom has come. He warns of an evil spirit returning to a house left empty. A woman blesses his mother, and he answers that those who hear God's word and keep it are blessed.

What does this mean?

"Beelzebub" (KJV) or "Beelzebul" (WEB) was a name for the ruler of demons, probably derived from Baal-zebub, a Philistine god (2 Kings 1:2). The "strong man" pictures Satan, overpowered by someone stronger.

Historical context

Other Jews also practised exorcism in this period ("your sons," 11:19), so Jesus' opponents could not deny the deeds, only question their source.

Why does it matter?

"The finger of God" recalls the Egyptian magicians' admission during the plagues (Exodus 8:19); Matthew's parallel has "the Spirit of God." The woman's blessing and Jesus' reply appear only in Luke and repeat his point that hearing and keeping God's word matters most (8:21).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

The sign of Jonah and the lamp of the body

When the multitudes were gathering together to him, he began to say, “This is an evil generation. It seeks after a sign. No sign will be given to it but the sign of Jonah the prophet. For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so the Son of Man will also be to this generation. The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation and will condemn them, for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, one greater than Solomon is here. The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it, for they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and behold, one greater than Jonah is here.

“No one, when he has lit a lamp, puts it in a cellar or under a basket, but on a stand, that those who come in may see the light. The lamp of the body is the eye. Therefore when your eye is good, your whole body is also full of light; but when it is evil, your body also is full of darkness. Therefore see whether the light that is in you isn’t darkness. If therefore your whole body is full of light, having no part dark, it will be wholly full of light, as when the lamp with its bright shining gives you light.”

As the crowds grow, Jesus calls his generation evil for demanding a sign: the only sign it will be given is that of Jonah. The Queen of the South and the people of Nineveh will condemn it at the judgment, because they responded to Solomon and Jonah, and someone greater is here. He adds sayings about a lamp on a stand and the eye as the lamp of the body.

What does this mean?

The "queen of the south" is the Queen of Sheba, who travelled to hear Solomon's wisdom (1 Kings 10:1–13). Nineveh was the Assyrian capital whose people repented at Jonah's preaching (Jonah 3). A "single" (KJV) or "good" eye means a healthy eye, but the phrase could also suggest generosity, while an "evil eye" suggested envy or stinginess.

Historical context

Many ancient people thought of the eye as sending out light, not only receiving it.

Why does it matter?

In Luke the sign of Jonah seems to be Jonah himself and his preaching; Matthew adds Jonah's three days inside the fish as a picture of Jesus' burial (Matthew 12:40). Both examples are Gentiles who responded, a pointed contrast with Jesus' own generation.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus denounces Pharisees and experts in the Law

Now as he spoke, a certain Pharisee asked him to dine with him. He went in and sat at the table. When the Pharisee saw it, he marveled that he had not first washed himself before dinner. The Lord said to him, “Now you Pharisees cleanse the outside of the cup and of the platter, but your inward part is full of extortion and wickedness. You foolish ones, didn’t he who made the outside make the inside also? But give for gifts to the needy those things which are within, and behold, all things will be clean to you. But woe to you Pharisees! For you tithe mint and rue and every herb, but you bypass justice and God’s love. You ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone. Woe to you Pharisees! For you love the best seats in the synagogues and the greetings in the marketplaces. Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like hidden graves, and the men who walk over them don’t know it.”

One of the lawyers answered him, “Teacher, in saying this you insult us also.”

He said, “Woe to you lawyers also! For you load men with burdens that are difficult to carry, and you yourselves won’t even lift one finger to help carry those burdens. Woe to you! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and your fathers killed them. So you testify and consent to the works of your fathers. For they killed them, and you build their tombs. Therefore also the wisdom of God said, ‘I will send to them prophets and apostles; and some of them they will kill and persecute, that the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation, from the blood of Abel to the blood of Zachariah, who perished between the altar and the sanctuary.’ Yes, I tell you, it will be required of this generation. Woe to you lawyers! For you took away the key of knowledge. You didn’t enter in yourselves, and those who were entering in, you hindered.”

As he said these things to them, the scribes and the Pharisees began to be terribly angry, and to draw many things out of him, lying in wait for him, and seeking to catch him in something he might say, that they might accuse him.

At a Pharisee's dinner, the host is surprised that Jesus does not wash before eating. Jesus says the Pharisees clean the outside of cup and dish while being full of greed inside, and pronounces woes on them for tithing herbs while neglecting justice and the love of God. When a lawyer objects, he pronounces woes on the lawyers for burdening others and for honouring the prophets their ancestors killed. Afterwards his opponents watch for a way to trap him.

What does this mean?

To "tithe" is to give a tenth. Mint and rue were garden herbs. Unmarked graves made people unclean without their knowing (Numbers 19:16). From Abel to "Zacharias" spans the first and last murders in the Hebrew Bible's order of books (Genesis 4:8; 2 Chronicles 24:20–22).

Historical context

The washing was ritual, not hygienic, a practice of Pharisaic piety (Mark 7:3–4). The Law required tithes of produce (Deuteronomy 14:22). These sayings belong to a fierce debate within Judaism; historians caution against reading them as a balanced portrait of all Pharisees.

Why does it matter?

A dinner invitation turns into open conflict. Similar woes appear in Matthew 23, set in Jerusalem.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

Chapters

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  6. 6
  7. 7
  8. 8
  9. 9
  10. 10
  11. 11
  12. 12
  13. 13
  14. 14
  15. 15
  16. 16
  17. 17
  18. 18
  19. 19
  20. 20
  21. 21
  22. 22
  23. 23
  24. 24

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Reading

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

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About Luke