John 18 · WEB
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John 18

Jesus is arrested

When Jesus had spoken these words, he went out with his disciples over the brook Kidron, where there was a garden, into which he and his disciples entered. Now Judas, who betrayed him, also knew the place, for Jesus often met there with his disciples. Judas then, having taken a detachment of soldiers and officers from the chief priests and the Pharisees, came there with lanterns, torches, and weapons. Jesus therefore, knowing all the things that were happening to him, went out and said to them, “Who are you looking for?”

They answered him, “Jesus of Nazareth.” Jesus said to them, “I am he.” Judas also, who betrayed him, was standing with them.

When therefore he said to them, “I am he,” they went backward and fell to the ground.

Again therefore he asked them, “Who are you looking for?” They said, “Jesus of Nazareth.”

Jesus answered, “I told you that I am he. If therefore you seek me, let these go their way,” that the word might be fulfilled which he spoke, “Of those whom you have given me, I have lost none.”

Simon Peter therefore, having a sword, drew it, struck the high priest’s servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant’s name was Malchus. Jesus therefore said to Peter, “Put the sword into its sheath. The cup which the Father has given me, shall I not surely drink it?”

Jesus crosses the Kidron valley with his disciples to a garden, where Judas arrives with soldiers and temple officers carrying lanterns, torches and weapons. Jesus steps forward and asks whom they want; when he answers "I am he", they fall back to the ground. Peter cuts off the ear of the high priest's servant, Malchus, but Jesus tells him to put away his sword.

What does this mean?

"Band" (KJV) or "detachment" (WEB) translates a Roman military term for a cohort, a unit nominally of several hundred soldiers, though the word could be used loosely. Again "I am he" is in Greek simply "I am". "The cup" is an Old Testament image for a destiny given by God, often suffering.

Historical context

The Kidron valley lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. The other Gospels name the place Gethsemane. Passover fell at full moon, yet the party still brought lanterns and torches, perhaps to search the garden.

Why does it matter?

John portrays Jesus as in control of his own arrest: he knows what will happen, goes out to meet his captors, and protects his disciples. Many interpreters read the soldiers falling to the ground as a reaction to a divine-sounding "I am".

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in all four Gospels

How John tells it

John does not name Gethsemane or describe Jesus praying in anguish, and Judas gives no kiss. Instead Jesus steps forward, asks whom they seek and answers "I am he", at which the arresting party falls back. Only John names Peter as the swordsman and Malchus as the servant, and mentions soldiers alongside the temple officers.

Before Annas; Peter's first denial

So the detachment, the commanding officer, and the officers of the Jews seized Jesus and bound him, and led him to Annas first, for he was father-in-law to Caiaphas, who was high priest that year. Now it was Caiaphas who advised the Jews that it was expedient that one man should perish for the people.

Simon Peter followed Jesus, as did another disciple. Now that disciple was known to the high priest, and entered in with Jesus into the court of the high priest; but Peter was standing at the door outside. So the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, went out and spoke to her who kept the door, and brought in Peter. Then the maid who kept the door said to Peter, “Are you also one of this man’s disciples?” He said, “I am not.”

Now the servants and the officers were standing there, having made a fire of coals, for it was cold. They were warming themselves. Peter was with them, standing and warming himself.

Jesus is bound and taken first to Annas, father-in-law of the high priest Caiaphas. Simon Peter and another disciple follow, and the other disciple, who knows the high priest, gets Peter into the courtyard. Asked by the woman at the door whether he is one of Jesus' disciples, Peter says he is not, and warms himself at the servants' fire.

What does this mean?

"Damsel" (KJV) or "maid" (WEB) means a servant girl. "A fire of coals" means a charcoal fire.

Historical context

Annas was high priest from AD 6 to 15 and remained powerful afterwards; five of his sons and his son-in-law Caiaphas later held the office. Only John mentions this hearing before Annas. Spring nights in Jerusalem, about 750 metres above sea level, can be cold.

Why does it matter?

The other disciple is not named; many readers identify him with the beloved disciple, but the text does not say so. The Greek word for charcoal fire appears in only one other place in the New Testament, at 21:9, where Peter is restored, a link many interpreters think is deliberate.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus questioned; Peter denies him again

The high priest therefore asked Jesus about his disciples and about his teaching.

Jesus answered him, “I spoke openly to the world. I always taught in synagogues and in the temple, where the Jews always meet. I said nothing in secret. Why do you ask me? Ask those who have heard me what I said to them. Behold, they know the things which I said.”

When he had said this, one of the officers standing by slapped Jesus with his hand, saying, “Do you answer the high priest like that?”

Jesus answered him, “If I have spoken evil, testify of the evil; but if well, why do you beat me?”

Annas sent him bound to Caiaphas, the high priest.

Now Simon Peter was standing and warming himself. They said therefore to him, “You aren’t also one of his disciples, are you?” He denied it and said, “I am not.”

One of the servants of the high priest, being a relative of him whose ear Peter had cut off, said, “Didn’t I see you in the garden with him?”

Peter therefore denied it again, and immediately the rooster crowed.

The high priest questions Jesus about his disciples and teaching, and Jesus answers that he taught openly and they should ask those who heard him; an officer slaps him, and Annas sends him, still bound, to Caiaphas. Meanwhile Peter is asked twice more whether he is a disciple and denies it. Then the rooster crows.

What does this mean?

"Struck Jesus with the palm of his hand" (KJV) means slapped him. "Kinsman" means relative.

Historical context

Most interpreters take "the high priest" in verse 19 to be Annas, even though Caiaphas held the office that year. Former high priests kept the title, and other ancient writers use it in the same loose way.

Why does it matter?

John interweaves Jesus' questioning and Peter's denials, contrasting Jesus' openness with Peter's fear. The rooster's crow fulfils Jesus' prediction in 13:38. John reports nothing of what happened before Caiaphas, though Matthew and Mark describe a night hearing before the council and Luke a hearing at daybreak.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in all four Gospels

How John tells it

In John, Peter's denials are split around Jesus' questioning: the first comes earlier, at the door (18:15–18), the second at the fire, and the third when a relative of Malchus, whose ear Peter cut off, recognises him. Then the cock crows. John does not mention Peter weeping, as the other Gospels do.

Jesus is handed over to Pilate

They led Jesus therefore from Caiaphas into the Praetorium. It was early, and they themselves didn’t enter into the Praetorium, that they might not be defiled, but might eat the Passover. Pilate therefore went out to them and said, “What accusation do you bring against this man?”

They answered him, “If this man weren’t an evildoer, we wouldn’t have delivered him up to you.”

Pilate therefore said to them, “Take him yourselves, and judge him according to your law.” Therefore the Jews said to him, “It is illegal for us to put anyone to death,”

that the word of Jesus might be fulfilled, which he spoke, signifying by what kind of death he should die.

Early in the morning Jesus is taken to the Roman governor's headquarters, but his accusers will not go inside, so as not to become ritually unclean before eating the Passover. Pilate comes out and asks the charge. When he tells them to judge Jesus by their own law, they answer that they are not permitted to put anyone to death.

What does this mean?

"Hall of judgment" (KJV) or "Praetorium" (WEB) means the Roman governor's official residence. "Malefactor" (KJV) means wrongdoer. "Defiled" means made ritually unclean.

Historical context

Pontius Pilate governed Judea from about AD 26 to 36; an inscription bearing his name was found at Caesarea in 1961. In Jerusalem he probably used Herod's palace or the Antonia fortress. Whether Jewish authorities could legally carry out executions under Roman rule is debated by historians.

Why does it matter?

Verse 28 implies the Passover meal had not yet been eaten, which places Jesus' death before the meal. The other Gospels present the Last Supper as a Passover meal, and scholars have long discussed how to account for the difference. Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution, so verse 32 links the handover to Jesus' prediction of being "lifted up".

Editorial notes, not scripture.

"My kingdom is not of this world"

Pilate therefore entered again into the Praetorium, called Jesus, and said to him, “Are you the King of the Jews?”

Jesus answered him, “Do you say this by yourself, or did others tell you about me?”

Pilate answered, “I’m not a Jew, am I? Your own nation and the chief priests delivered you to me. What have you done?”

Jesus answered, “My Kingdom is not of this world. If my Kingdom were of this world, then my servants would fight, that I wouldn’t be delivered to the Jews. But now my Kingdom is not from here.”

Pilate therefore said to him, “Are you a king then?” Jesus answered, “You say that I am a king. For this reason I have been born, and for this reason I have come into the world, that I should testify to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth listens to my voice.”

Pilate said to him, “What is truth?” When he had said this, he went out again to the Jews, and said to them, “I find no basis for a charge against him.

But you have a custom that I should release someone to you at the Passover. Therefore, do you want me to release to you the King of the Jews?”

Then they all shouted again, saying, “Not this man, but Barabbas!” Now Barabbas was a robber.

Inside, Pilate asks Jesus whether he is the King of the Jews; Jesus answers that his kingdom is not of this world and that he came to testify to the truth, and Pilate asks, "What is truth?" Pilate then tells the crowd he finds no case against Jesus and offers to release him. They demand Barabbas instead.

What does this mean?

"King of the Jews" was a political title: to Roman ears it suggested a rebel claiming royal power. "Robber" translates a word Josephus often uses for bandits and armed insurgents.

Historical context

A Roman governor had authority over capital cases and was sensitive to anyone claiming kingship. A custom of releasing a prisoner at Passover is mentioned only in the Gospels; historians have found no independent record of it.

Why does it matter?

John's trial scenes are full of irony: Pilate, the judge, is the one being tested by the truth. Jesus' claim about his kingdom has been read in many ways, from a statement about its source and character to a claim that it is not political at all. Interpreters differ.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

Chapters

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  7. 7
  8. 8
  9. 9
  10. 10
  11. 11
  12. 12
  13. 13
  14. 14
  15. 15
  16. 16
  17. 17
  18. 18
  19. 19
  20. 20
  21. 21

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Translation

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In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

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