John 18 · KJV
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John 18

Jesus is arrested

When Jesus had spoken these words, he went forth with his disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into the which he entered, and his disciples. And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place: for Jesus ofttimes resorted thither with his disciples. Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with lanterns and torches and weapons. Jesus therefore, knowing all things that should come upon him, went forth, and said unto them, Whom seek ye? They answered him, Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus saith unto them, I am he. And Judas also, which betrayed him, stood with them. As soon then as he had said unto them, I am he, they went backward, and fell to the ground. Then asked he them again, Whom seek ye? And they said, Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus answered, I have told you that I am he: if therefore ye seek me, let these go their way: That the saying might be fulfilled, which he spake, Of them which thou gavest me have I lost none. Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest’s servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant’s name was Malchus. Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it?

Jesus crosses the Kidron valley with his disciples to a garden, where Judas arrives with soldiers and temple officers carrying lanterns, torches and weapons. Jesus steps forward and asks whom they want; when he answers "I am he", they fall back to the ground. Peter cuts off the ear of the high priest's servant, Malchus, but Jesus tells him to put away his sword.

What does this mean?

"Band" (KJV) or "detachment" (WEB) translates a Roman military term for a cohort, a unit nominally of several hundred soldiers, though the word could be used loosely. Again "I am he" is in Greek simply "I am". "The cup" is an Old Testament image for a destiny given by God, often suffering.

Historical context

The Kidron valley lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. The other Gospels name the place Gethsemane. Passover fell at full moon, yet the party still brought lanterns and torches, perhaps to search the garden.

Why does it matter?

John portrays Jesus as in control of his own arrest: he knows what will happen, goes out to meet his captors, and protects his disciples. Many interpreters read the soldiers falling to the ground as a reaction to a divine-sounding "I am".

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in all four Gospels

How John tells it

John does not name Gethsemane or describe Jesus praying in anguish, and Judas gives no kiss. Instead Jesus steps forward, asks whom they seek and answers "I am he", at which the arresting party falls back. Only John names Peter as the swordsman and Malchus as the servant, and mentions soldiers alongside the temple officers.

Before Annas; Peter's first denial

Then the band and the captain and officers of the Jews took Jesus, and bound him, And led him away to Annas first; for he was father in law to Caiaphas, which was the high priest that same year. Now Caiaphas was he, which gave counsel to the Jews, that it was expedient that one man should die for the people.

And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple: that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus into the palace of the high priest. But Peter stood at the door without. Then went out that other disciple, which was known unto the high priest, and spake unto her that kept the door, and brought in Peter. Then saith the damsel that kept the door unto Peter, Art not thou also one of this man’s disciples? He saith, I am not. And the servants and officers stood there, who had made a fire of coals; for it was cold: and they warmed themselves: and Peter stood with them, and warmed himself.

Jesus is bound and taken first to Annas, father-in-law of the high priest Caiaphas. Simon Peter and another disciple follow, and the other disciple, who knows the high priest, gets Peter into the courtyard. Asked by the woman at the door whether he is one of Jesus' disciples, Peter says he is not, and warms himself at the servants' fire.

What does this mean?

"Damsel" (KJV) or "maid" (WEB) means a servant girl. "A fire of coals" means a charcoal fire.

Historical context

Annas was high priest from AD 6 to 15 and remained powerful afterwards; five of his sons and his son-in-law Caiaphas later held the office. Only John mentions this hearing before Annas. Spring nights in Jerusalem, about 750 metres above sea level, can be cold.

Why does it matter?

The other disciple is not named; many readers identify him with the beloved disciple, but the text does not say so. The Greek word for charcoal fire appears in only one other place in the New Testament, at 21:9, where Peter is restored, a link many interpreters think is deliberate.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus questioned; Peter denies him again

The high priest then asked Jesus of his disciples, and of his doctrine. Jesus answered him, I spake openly to the world; I ever taught in the synagogue, and in the temple, whither the Jews always resort; and in secret have I said nothing. Why askest thou me? ask them which heard me, what I have said unto them: behold, they know what I said. And when he had thus spoken, one of the officers which stood by struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying, Answerest thou the high priest so? Jesus answered him, If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil: but if well, why smitest thou me? Now Annas had sent him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest. And Simon Peter stood and warmed himself. They said therefore unto him, Art not thou also one of his disciples? He denied it, and said, I am not. One of the servants of the high priest, being his kinsman whose ear Peter cut off, saith, Did not I see thee in the garden with him? Peter then denied again: and immediately the cock crew.

The high priest questions Jesus about his disciples and teaching, and Jesus answers that he taught openly and they should ask those who heard him; an officer slaps him, and Annas sends him, still bound, to Caiaphas. Meanwhile Peter is asked twice more whether he is a disciple and denies it. Then the rooster crows.

What does this mean?

"Struck Jesus with the palm of his hand" (KJV) means slapped him. "Kinsman" means relative.

Historical context

Most interpreters take "the high priest" in verse 19 to be Annas, even though Caiaphas held the office that year. Former high priests kept the title, and other ancient writers use it in the same loose way.

Why does it matter?

John interweaves Jesus' questioning and Peter's denials, contrasting Jesus' openness with Peter's fear. The rooster's crow fulfils Jesus' prediction in 13:38. John reports nothing of what happened before Caiaphas, though Matthew and Mark describe a night hearing before the council and Luke a hearing at daybreak.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in all four Gospels

How John tells it

In John, Peter's denials are split around Jesus' questioning: the first comes earlier, at the door (18:15–18), the second at the fire, and the third when a relative of Malchus, whose ear Peter cut off, recognises him. Then the cock crows. John does not mention Peter weeping, as the other Gospels do.

Jesus is handed over to Pilate

Then led they Jesus from Caiaphas unto the hall of judgment: and it was early; and they themselves went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled; but that they might eat the passover. Pilate then went out unto them, and said, What accusation bring ye against this man? They answered and said unto him, If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto thee. Then said Pilate unto them, Take ye him, and judge him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death: That the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled, which he spake, signifying what death he should die.

Early in the morning Jesus is taken to the Roman governor's headquarters, but his accusers will not go inside, so as not to become ritually unclean before eating the Passover. Pilate comes out and asks the charge. When he tells them to judge Jesus by their own law, they answer that they are not permitted to put anyone to death.

What does this mean?

"Hall of judgment" (KJV) or "Praetorium" (WEB) means the Roman governor's official residence. "Malefactor" (KJV) means wrongdoer. "Defiled" means made ritually unclean.

Historical context

Pontius Pilate governed Judea from about AD 26 to 36; an inscription bearing his name was found at Caesarea in 1961. In Jerusalem he probably used Herod's palace or the Antonia fortress. Whether Jewish authorities could legally carry out executions under Roman rule is debated by historians.

Why does it matter?

Verse 28 implies the Passover meal had not yet been eaten, which places Jesus' death before the meal. The other Gospels present the Last Supper as a Passover meal, and scholars have long discussed how to account for the difference. Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution, so verse 32 links the handover to Jesus' prediction of being "lifted up".

Editorial notes, not scripture.

"My kingdom is not of this world"

Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews? Jesus answered him, Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it thee of me? Pilate answered, Am I a Jew? Thine own nation and the chief priests have delivered thee unto me: what hast thou done? Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence. Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice. Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all. But ye have a custom, that I should release unto you one at the passover: will ye therefore that I release unto you the King of the Jews? Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but Barabbas. Now Barabbas was a robber.

Inside, Pilate asks Jesus whether he is the King of the Jews; Jesus answers that his kingdom is not of this world and that he came to testify to the truth, and Pilate asks, "What is truth?" Pilate then tells the crowd he finds no case against Jesus and offers to release him. They demand Barabbas instead.

What does this mean?

"King of the Jews" was a political title: to Roman ears it suggested a rebel claiming royal power. "Robber" translates a word Josephus often uses for bandits and armed insurgents.

Historical context

A Roman governor had authority over capital cases and was sensitive to anyone claiming kingship. A custom of releasing a prisoner at Passover is mentioned only in the Gospels; historians have found no independent record of it.

Why does it matter?

John's trial scenes are full of irony: Pilate, the judge, is the one being tested by the truth. Jesus' claim about his kingdom has been read in many ways, from a statement about its source and character to a claim that it is not political at all. Interpreters differ.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Translation

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Chapters

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  11. 11
  12. 12
  13. 13
  14. 14
  15. 15
  16. 16
  17. 17
  18. 18
  19. 19
  20. 20
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Reading

Translation

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In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

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