John 3
Jesus and Nicodemus
Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews. He came to Jesus by night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher who has come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do, unless God is with him.”
Jesus answered him, “Most certainly I tell you, unless one is born anew, he can’t see God’s Kingdom.”
Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother’s womb and be born?”
Jesus answered, “Most certainly I tell you, unless one is born of water and Spirit, he can’t enter into God’s Kingdom. That which is born of the flesh is flesh. That which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Don’t marvel that I said to you, ‘You must all be born anew.’ The wind blows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don’t know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit.”
Nicodemus answered him, “How can these things be?”
Jesus answered him, “Are you the teacher of Israel, and don’t understand these things? Most certainly I tell you, we speak that which we know and testify of that which we have seen, and you don’t receive our witness. If I told you earthly things and you don’t believe, how will you believe if I tell you heavenly things? No one has ascended into heaven but he who descended out of heaven, the Son of Man, who is in heaven. As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life. For God so loved the world, that he gave his only born Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life. For God didn’t send his Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world should be saved through him. He who believes in him is not judged. He who doesn’t believe has been judged already, because he has not believed in the name of the only born Son of God. This is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light, for their works were evil. For everyone who does evil hates the light and doesn’t come to the light, lest his works would be exposed. But he who does the truth comes to the light, that his works may be revealed, that they have been done in God.”
Nicodemus, a Pharisee and leader, visits Jesus at night. Jesus tells him no one can see God's kingdom without being "born again" or "from above". Nicodemus is baffled, and Jesus speaks of the Spirit, of the Son of Man being "lifted up", and of God's love for the world.
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Scripture connection · Reference
John 3:14 refers to Numbers 21:9
Moses made a serpent of bronze, and set it on the pole. If a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked at the serpent of bronze, he lived.
Numbers 21:9 · WEB In Numbers, Israelites bitten by snakes were healed by looking at a bronze serpent raised on a pole. Jesus uses it as a picture of his being 'lifted up'.
What does this mean?
The Greek word behind "again" (KJV) or "anew" (WEB) also means "from above"; Nicodemus hears only the first sense. The same Greek word means both "wind" and "spirit", which verse 8 plays on. "Kingdom of God" means God's rule. "Lifted up" can mean both raised on a cross and exalted.
Historical context
A "ruler of the Jews" probably means a member of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish council in Jerusalem. Coming "by night" may have been for privacy, but darkness is also a symbol in this Gospel. Ancient Greek manuscripts had no quotation marks, so interpreters differ over whether verses 16 to 21 are Jesus' words or the narrator's reflection.
Why does it matter?
Verse 16 became one of the best-known verses in the Bible. Nicodemus reappears twice: defending Jesus' right to a hearing (7:50) and helping to bury him (19:39). Light and darkness, from the prologue, return as images of judgment.
Editorial notes, not scripture.