Mark 4 · KJV
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Mark 4

The parable of the sower

And he began again to teach by the sea side: and there was gathered unto him a great multitude, so that he entered into a ship, and sat in the sea; and the whole multitude was by the sea on the land. And he taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, Hearken; Behold, there went out a sower to sow: And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and the fowls of the air came and devoured it up. And some fell on stony ground, where it had not much earth; and immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of earth: But when the sun was up, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away. And some fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit. And other fell on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang up and increased; and brought forth, some thirty, and some sixty, and some an hundred. And he said unto them, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.

Teaching from a boat to a huge crowd on the shore, Jesus tells a story about a farmer whose seed falls on a path, on rocky ground, among thorns and on good soil, with very different results.

What does this mean?

A parable is a short story or comparison drawn from everyday life to make a point, often with a twist; the Hebrew equivalent, mashal, also covers riddles and proverbs. 'Fowls of the air' (KJV) are birds. 'He that hath ears to hear, let him hear' is a call to pay close attention.

Historical context

In Galilee seed was scattered by hand, and fields could include footpaths, thin soil over rock and patches of thorny weeds. Interpreters debate whether a harvest of thirty, sixty or a hundred times what was sown is meant as miraculous or simply as very good.

Why does it matter?

Mark 4 is the Gospel's main collection of parables. This one, about different responses to what is heard, frames the whole chapter, which repeatedly stresses listening — 'Listen!' opens the parable and verse 9 closes it.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in three Gospels

How Mark tells it

Mark opens the parable with a command to listen ('Hearken'), and gives the good soil's yields as thirty, sixty and a hundredfold — rising, where Matthew lists them falling and Luke gives only a hundredfold. Only Mark notes that the seed among thorns 'yielded no fruit'.

Why parables, and the sower explained

And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the parable. And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: That seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them. And he said unto them, Know ye not this parable? and how then will ye know all parables?

The sower soweth the word. And these are they by the way side, where the word is sown; but when they have heard, Satan cometh immediately, and taketh away the word that was sown in their hearts. And these are they likewise which are sown on stony ground; who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with gladness; And have no root in themselves, and so endure but for a time: afterward, when affliction or persecution ariseth for the word’s sake, immediately they are offended. And these are they which are sown among thorns; such as hear the word, And the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and it becometh unfruitful. And these are they which are sown on good ground; such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit, some thirtyfold, some sixty, and some an hundred.

Alone with the Twelve and others, Jesus says that the 'mystery' of God's kingdom has been given to them, while outsiders receive everything in parables. He then explains the sower: the seed is the word, and the soils are different kinds of hearers.

What does this mean?

'Mystery' in the New Testament means a secret now revealed by God, not a puzzle. 'Converted' (KJV) means 'turn again'. 'Offended' (KJV) here means caused to stumble, to fall away. 'The word' means Jesus' message.

Historical context

Verse 12 draws on Isaiah 6:9–10, where the prophet is told that his preaching will leave the people unresponsive. Jewish teachers also used parables, and explaining one point by point, as here, was a known practice.

Why does it matter?

Verse 12 is among the hardest sayings in Mark: interpreters differ over whether the parables are meant to conceal, or whether the saying describes what happens when people hear without responding. The insiders themselves still need an explanation, and later in the story the disciples show some of the shallow and distracted responses described here.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

A lamp and a measure

And he said unto them, Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick? For there is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested; neither was any thing kept secret, but that it should come abroad. If any man have ears to hear, let him hear. And he said unto them, Take heed what ye hear: with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you: and unto you that hear shall more be given. For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath.

Jesus gives a series of short sayings: a lamp is meant to be put on a stand, not hidden; whatever is hidden will be revealed; and the measure people use in listening will be used for them.

What does this mean?

'Candle' (KJV) means an oil lamp; a 'bushel' was a container for measuring grain, which could cover a lamp. 'Mete' means to measure out. The final saying, that those who have will be given more, refers in context to understanding: those who take in what they hear gain more.

Historical context

Household lamps were small clay vessels burning olive oil, set on a stand to light a one-room house.

Why does it matter?

These sayings suggest why Jesus teaches in parables: the hiding is temporary and aims at later revealing. In Mark much about Jesus stays hidden until after the cross and resurrection (see 9:9).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

The seed that grows by itself

And he said, So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast seed into the ground; And should sleep, and rise night and day, and the seed should spring and grow up, he knoweth not how. For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. But when the fruit is brought forth, immediately he putteth in the sickle, because the harvest is come.

Jesus compares God's kingdom to seed that a farmer sows and that grows night and day — first the shoot, then the ear, then the full grain — without his knowing how, until it is ready for harvest.

What does this mean?

'Of herself' (KJV) translates a Greek word meaning 'automatically' or 'by itself'. The 'blade' is the first green shoot and the 'ear' the head of grain. The sickle and harvest are images the Jewish prophets used for God's final judgment (Joel 3:13).

Historical context

Farmers could plant and tend crops, but the process of germination and growth was beyond their knowledge or control, dependent on soil and rain.

Why does it matter?

Only Mark has this parable. Its stress on growth that happens without human control or understanding fits the chapter's picture of the kingdom's hidden beginnings.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

The parable of the mustard seed

And he said, Whereunto shall we liken the kingdom of God? or with what comparison shall we compare it? It is like a grain of mustard seed, which, when it is sown in the earth, is less than all the seeds that be in the earth: But when it is sown, it groweth up, and becometh greater than all herbs, and shooteth out great branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it.

Jesus compares God's kingdom to a tiny mustard seed that grows into the largest of garden plants, with branches big enough for birds to shelter in its shade.

What does this mean?

'Herbs' (KJV) means garden plants or vegetables. To 'lodge' is to settle or nest.

Historical context

The black mustard plant grown in the region springs from a very small seed into a shrub that can reach two or three metres. Calling the seed the smallest of all is a proverbial description, not a botanical claim. Birds sheltering in a great tree is an image the Jewish scriptures use for a great kingdom sheltering peoples (Ezekiel 17:23; Daniel 4:12).

Why does it matter?

Like the previous parable, this one contrasts small, unimpressive beginnings with a great result — fitting for a movement that began with a handful of Galilean followers. Many interpreters see the birds as a hint that the kingdom will include other nations.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in three Gospels

How Mark tells it

Mark opens with a double question about picturing God's kingdom. His plant becomes the greatest of garden plants with large branches, and birds shelter in its shade; Matthew and Luke call it a tree and mention a man sowing it. Both pair it with the yeast; Luke places it in a different setting.

Jesus teaches in parables

And with many such parables spake he the word unto them, as they were able to hear it. But without a parable spake he not unto them: and when they were alone, he expounded all things to his disciples.

Mark sums up Jesus' practice: he spoke to the crowds in many parables, as much as they were able to take in, but explained everything privately to his disciples.

What does this mean?

'As they were able to hear it' suggests Jesus matched his teaching to his hearers' capacity. 'Expounded' (KJV) means explained.

Historical context

Teachers in the ancient world, Jewish and Greek alike, commonly gave fuller instruction to an inner circle of students than to the public.

Why does it matter?

This closes the parable chapter and repeats its contrast between the crowd and the disciples. The very next scene, the storm, tests whether private instruction has given the disciples understanding.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus calms the storm

And the same day, when the even was come, he saith unto them, Let us pass over unto the other side. And when they had sent away the multitude, they took him even as he was in the ship. And there were also with him other little ships. And there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into the ship, so that it was now full. And he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a pillow: and they awake him, and say unto him, Master, carest thou not that we perish? And he arose, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the sea, Peace, be still. And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm. And he said unto them, Why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye have no faith? And they feared exceedingly, and said one to another, What manner of man is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him?

That evening Jesus and the disciples cross the lake by boat. A violent storm swamps the boat while Jesus sleeps in the stern. The terrified disciples wake him; he rebukes the wind and the sea, which fall calm, and asks why they are afraid and have no faith.

What does this mean?

'The hinder part of the ship' (KJV) is the stern, and the 'pillow' a cushion. 'Rebuked' is the word Jesus uses against demons (1:25), and 'be still' is literally 'be silenced' or 'be muzzled'. 'Carest thou not that we perish?' means 'Don't you care that we are dying?'

Historical context

The Sea of Galilee lies about 200 metres below sea level among hills, and sudden violent winds can sweep down onto it. In the Jewish scriptures, mastery of the sea and storms belongs to God (Psalm 107:23–30; Job 38:8–11). Many readers also note parallels with Jonah asleep on a ship in a storm (Jonah 1).

Why does it matter?

The disciples' closing question — 'What manner of man is this?' — is one of the central questions of Mark. They are more afraid after the calm than during the storm.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Told in three Gospels

How Mark tells it

Mark's version is the most vivid: it is evening, other boats are present, and Jesus is asleep on a cushion in the stern. The disciples ask, 'Teacher, don't you care that we are dying?' Only Mark gives Jesus' words to the sea, 'Peace, be still'. Mark's Jesus asks why they have 'no faith', where Matthew has 'little faith'.

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

Chapters

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  6. 6
  7. 7
  8. 8
  9. 9
  10. 10
  11. 11
  12. 12
  13. 13
  14. 14
  15. 15
  16. 16

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Reading

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

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