Luke 2 · KJV
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Luke 2

The birth of Jesus in Bethlehem

And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Cæsar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. (And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria.) And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judæa, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and lineage of David:) To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.

A decree from the emperor Augustus orders a registration, so Joseph travels from Nazareth to Bethlehem, the town of King David, with Mary, who is pregnant. There she gives birth to her first son, wraps him in strips of cloth and lays him in a feeding trough, because there is no space in the lodging.

What does this mean?

"Taxed" (KJV) refers to registration for taxation; the WEB says "enrolled." "Swaddling clothes" are cloth bands wrapped around a newborn, a normal practice. A "manger" is an animals' feeding trough. "Inn" translates a word that can mean the guest room of a private house; many scholars picture a crowded family home with animals kept at one end, though the text does not say.

Historical context

Augustus ruled Rome from 27 BCE to 14 CE. Luke links the birth to a census under Quirinius, governor of Syria. Josephus records a census of Judea under Quirinius in 6 CE, about ten years after the death of Herod the Great, under whom both Luke (1:5) and Matthew place the birth. Historians debate whether Luke conflated events, refers to an earlier registration otherwise unknown, or should be read "before" Quirinius.

Why does it matter?

The scene sets the emperor's power beside the humble birth of the one Luke presents as the true king. The date of 25 December comes from later church tradition, not the text.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Angels announce the birth to shepherds

And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. And it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto Bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the Lord hath made known unto us. And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. And when they had seen it, they made known abroad the saying which was told them concerning this child. And all they that heard it wondered at those things which were told them by the shepherds. But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart. And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them.

At night an angel appears to shepherds near Bethlehem, announcing the birth of a saviour, the Messiah, in David's town, and a great company of angels praises God. The shepherds find the baby as they were told, spread the news, and return praising God, while Mary keeps these things in her heart.

What does this mean?

"Christ" is the Greek translation of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "anointed one": the king God was expected to send. The "heavenly host" (KJV) or "heavenly army" (WEB) is a multitude of angels. Both translations read "good will toward men"; many older manuscripts read "peace among people with whom he is pleased."

Historical context

Shepherding was humble outdoor work; some later Jewish texts disparage shepherds, though how far they were looked down on in Jesus' day is debated. "Saviour" and "good news" were also words of imperial propaganda: an inscription from Priene in Asia Minor (9 BCE) calls the birthday of Augustus the beginning of "good news" for the world.

Why does it matter?

The first to hear of Jesus' birth are ordinary labourers, in keeping with Mary's song about the lowly being lifted up. Bethlehem was David's hometown, and David himself had been a shepherd (1 Samuel 16:11).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Jesus is presented in the temple

And when eight days were accomplished for the circumcising of the child, his name was called JESUS, which was so named of the angel before he was conceived in the womb. And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord; (As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord;) And to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. And, behold, there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon; and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Ghost was upon him. And it was revealed unto him by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death, before he had seen the Lord’s Christ. And he came by the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him after the custom of the law, Then took he him up in his arms, and blessed God, and said, Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word: For mine eyes have seen thy salvation, Which thou hast prepared before the face of all people; A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel. And Joseph and his mother marvelled at those things which were spoken of him. And Simeon blessed them, and said unto Mary his mother, Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel; and for a sign which shall be spoken against; (Yea, a sword shall pierce through thy own soul also,) that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed. And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser: she was of a great age, and had lived with an husband seven years from her virginity; And she was a widow of about fourscore and four years, which departed not from the temple, but served God with fastings and prayers night and day. And she coming in that instant gave thanks likewise unto the Lord, and spake of him to all them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem. And when they had performed all things according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth. And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him.

Jesus is circumcised and named on the eighth day. Later Mary and Joseph take him to the Jerusalem temple to do what the Law requires after a birth. An old man, Simeon, takes the child in his arms and praises God for letting him see the promised salvation, and the aged prophet Anna speaks about the child to all who are hoping for Jerusalem's redemption. The family returns to Nazareth.

  • Scripture connection · Quotation

    Luke 2:23 quotes Exodus 13:2

    Sanctify unto me all the firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of Israel, both of man and of beast: it is mine.
    Exodus 13:2 · KJV

    The Law dedicated every firstborn son to God in memory of the exodus.

  • Scripture connection · Quotation

    Luke 2:24 quotes Leviticus 12:8

    And if she be not able to bring a lamb, then she shall bring two turtles, or two young pigeons; the one for the burnt offering, and the other for a sin offering: and the priest shall make an atonement for her, and she shall be clean.
    Leviticus 12:8 · KJV

    Leviticus allowed birds instead of a lamb for families who could not afford one, which suggests Mary and Joseph were poor.

What does this mean?

Simeon's song is known as the Nunc Dimittis, from its Latin opening ("Now you let depart"). "Consolation of Israel" and "redemption in Jerusalem" refer to the hoped-for restoration of God's people. The "sword" that will pierce Mary's soul is usually understood as the grief she will suffer.

Historical context

The Law required a mother's purification forty days after a son's birth (Leviticus 12) and dedicated every firstborn son to God. The Greek about Anna can mean she had been a widow for eighty-four years or that she was eighty-four years old; translations differ. Asher was one of the northern tribes of Israel.

Why does it matter?

Simeon's words announce a theme of Luke and Acts: salvation for the Gentiles ("the nations") as well as for Israel, and division over Jesus. A man and a woman, both devout and elderly, confirm who the child is.

Editorial notes, not scripture.

The boy Jesus in the temple

Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the passover. And when he was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem after the custom of the feast. And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the child Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; and Joseph and his mother knew not of it. But they, supposing him to have been in the company, went a day’s journey; and they sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance. And when they found him not, they turned back again to Jerusalem, seeking him. And it came to pass, that after three days they found him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them, and asking them questions. And all that heard him were astonished at his understanding and answers. And when they saw him, they were amazed: and his mother said unto him, Son, why hast thou thus dealt with us? behold, thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing. And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father’s business? And they understood not the saying which he spake unto them. And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject unto them: but his mother kept all these sayings in her heart. And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man.

When Jesus is twelve, he goes with his family to Jerusalem for Passover and stays behind without their knowing. After three days of searching they find him in the temple, listening to the teachers and asking them questions. He asks why they did not know he must be in his Father's house, then goes home with them and is obedient to them.

What does this mean?

Jesus' reply can be translated "in my Father's house" (WEB) or "about my Father's business" (KJV); the Greek is literally "in the things of my Father." Either way, he means God, not Joseph.

Historical context

Passover, the spring festival recalling Israel's escape from Egypt, drew pilgrims to Jerusalem from across the Jewish world. Families travelled in large groups of relatives and neighbours, so a twelve-year-old could go unmissed for a day. The bar mitzvah ceremony is much later, but twelve was close to the age when boys took on adult religious duties.

Why does it matter?

This is the only story in the Gospels about Jesus between infancy and adulthood. It shows him already aware of a special relationship with God. The closing description of his growth echoes that of the boy Samuel (1 Samuel 2:26).

Editorial notes, not scripture.

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

Chapters

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  6. 6
  7. 7
  8. 8
  9. 9
  10. 10
  11. 11
  12. 12
  13. 13
  14. 14
  15. 15
  16. 16
  17. 17
  18. 18
  19. 19
  20. 20
  21. 21
  22. 22
  23. 23
  24. 24

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Reading

Translation

KJVTraditional biblical languageWEBContemporary English

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

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